COSC204: 6809 Emulator

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;
;  Enter your 6809 assembly here
;  Press the Assemble button below
;
screen EQU $0400    ; start of screen
START:
    ldy #message    ; get the address of the string
    bsr PUTS        ; call puts to print it
    rts             ; return to the OS
PUTS:
    pshs a,x,y      ; save a, x, and y
    ldx #screen     ; start of screen
MORE:
    lda 0,y+        ; current char -> A (inc Y too)
    cmpa #$00       ; was it a zero?
    beq DONE        ; if it was 0 then return
    sta 0,x+        ; write (inc X too)
    bra MORE        ; repeat
DONE:
    puls a,x,y      ; restore a, x, y
    rts             ; return from this routine
message:
    .byte "HELLO WORLD", $00 ; our dear string

; Display a chequerboard pattern on the text screen
; Then do the same on the graphics screen

const baseTextScreen=$400, baseGraphicScreen=$0600
const space=$20, inverse=%01000000
const widthText=32, heightText=16
const widthGraphics=32, heightGraphics=24
const charHeight=8, charVal=%00000000

start:
  jsr chequerboardText

; Un-comment the next lines for the graphics version
; Warning: it is slow

;  ldd #$0204       ; select 4 colour graphics mode
;  swi3
;  jsr chequerboardGraphics

rts

chequerboardText:
  ldx #baseTextScreen
  lda #heightText
  pshs a
  lda #space
loopRow:
  ldb #widthText
loopChar:
  sta ,x+
  eora #inverse
  decb
  bne loopChar
  eora #inverse
  dec ,s
  bne loopRow
  puls a,pc

chequerboardGraphics:
  ldx #baseGraphicScreen
  lda #heightGraphics
  pshs a
  lda #charVal
loopRowG:
  ldb #widthGraphics
loopCharG:
  bsr drawChar
  leax 1,x
  coma
  decb
  bne loopCharG
  coma
  leax ,y
  dec ,s
  bne loopRowG
  puls a,pc

drawChar;
  pshs b,x
  ldb #charHeight
drawCLp:
  sta ,x
  leax widthGraphics,x
  decb
  bne drawCLp
  leay -widthGraphics+1,x
  puls b,x,pc

; High score table routine for games
; Scores are stored as <scLen> ASCII characters
; They are followed by <scInitials> initials
; Here we use text screen memory to see what's happening
; Note ASCII chars less than $40 show as inverse video

const scLen=7, scInitials=3, scDif=32, hiScores=10

start:
  leax score,pcr     ; X points to the player's score
  leay hiTable,pcr   ; Y points to the high score table
  jsr insertHiTable
  rts

insertHiTable:
; Insert a score at X into high score table at Y
  pshs a,b,y
  lda #hiScores-1
  ldb #scDif
  mul
  leay d,y           ; Y points at hi score to compare
  lda #$ff           ; flag true only on first pass
  ldb #hiScores
insertHiLp:
  bsr scoreCompare   ; compare X with Y
  bcs insertHiDone   ; carry set if less than or equal
  leay -scDif,y      ; move one row higher up table
  clra               ; clear flag
  decb               ; keep count of digits
  bne insertHiLp
insertHiDone:
  puls a,b,y,pc

scoreCompare:
; Compare a score at X with one at Y
; If higher, move the score at Y down one row
;   then insert X in its place
; If A non-zero means at lowest score so don't shift down
  pshs a,b,x,y
  ldb #scLen
scCmpLp:
  lda ,x+
  cmpa ,y+           ; compare digits, highest first
  blo scCmpOut       ; if X is lower then quit
  bhi scInsert       ; if X is higher then insert score
  decb               ; keep count of digits
  bne scCmpLp
  orcc #$01          ; equal scores, set carry then quit
  bra scCmpOut
scInsert:
  tst ,s             ; test last entry flag (A was stacked)
  bne scSkipShift    ; don't shift down a row if first pass
  ldx 4,s            ; X is loaded with Y value from stack
  leay scDif,x       ; destination is one row down
  bsr scCopy         ; copy score from Y to Y+scDif
scSkipShift:
  ldx 2,s            ; restore X & Y from stack
  ldy 4,s
  bsr scCopy         ; copy score from X to Y
scCmpOut:
  puls a,b,x,y,pc

scCopy:
; Copy a score from address X to address Y
  ldb #scLen+scInitials
scCpLp:
  lda ,x+            ; copy from X into table
  sta ,y+
  decb
  bne scCpLp         ; keep count of chars
  rts

const textScreen=$0400, indent=11
const spacing=scDif-scLen-scInitials

org textScreen

fill $20, $200

org textScreen+$20+indent

score:
  fcb "1271300 ME"

org textScreen+$60+indent

hiTable:
  fcb "1272700 JM"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1271100 RL"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1260700 RL"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1259000 JM"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1249500 JM"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1247700 RL"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1230100 RL"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1218000 WC"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1195100 WC"
  rmb spacing
  fcb "1190200 RL"
  rmb spacing

const graphicsBase=$600, gLineBytes=$20

start:
    ldd #$0210       ; select 16 colour graphics mode
    swi3
    bsr testPixels
    rts

testPixels:
    lda #$00
    ldy #16
testP2:
    ldx #16
testP1:
    anda #$0f
    pshs a
    lsla
    lsla
    lsla
    lsla
    ora ,s+
    lbsr plotPix4bit
    inca
    leax 2,x
    cmpx #80
    blo testP1
    deca
    leay 2,y
    cmpy #80
    blo testP2
    rts

; Mask lookup tables, x=xPos, y=yPos, a=colour
; repeated at all 8 bit positions, eg. $00 or $ff

plotMask1bit:
    fcb %10000000, %01000000, %00100000, %00010000
    fcb %00001000, %00000100, %00000010, %00000001
plotMask2bit:
    fcb %11000000, %11000000, %00110000, %00110000
    fcb %00001100, %00001100, %00000011, %00000011
plotMask4bit:
    fcb %11110000, %11110000, %00001111, %00001111
    fcb %11110000, %11110000, %00001111, %00001111,

; Plot a pixel at 4, 2, or 1 bits be pixel
; Inputs:-
; X-coordinate in X, Y-coordinate in Y
; Logical grid is always (0,0) top left
; to (255,191) bottom right
; Physical pixels are 2:2, 2:1, 1:1
; for 4, 2, or 1 bit modes respectively
; stored left to right, top to bottom
; Colour in A, repeated 2, 4 or 8 times
; for 4, 2, or 1 bit modes respectively
; to fill the byte
; eg. in 2 bit mode colour %01 is %01010101

plotPix4bit:
    pshs d,x,y,u
    leau <plotMask4bit,pcr
    tfr y,d
    andb #$fe
    lda #gLineBytes
    mul
    addd #graphicsBase
    tfr d,x
    ldd 2,s
    bra plotPix2

plotPix2bit:
    pshs d,x,y,u
    leau <plotMask2bit,pcr
    bra plotPix1

plotPix1bit:
    pshs d,x,y,u
    leau <plotMask1bit,pcr
plotPix1:
    tfr y,d
    lda #gLineBytes
    mul
    addd #graphicsBase
    tfr d,x
    ldd 2,s
    lsrb
plotPix2:
    lsrb
    lsrb
    abx
    ldb 3,s
    andb #$07
    leau b,u
    lda ,u          ; mask out screen bits of pixel
    coma
    anda ,x
    sta ,x
    lda ,u
    anda ,s         ; merge with foreground colours
    ora ,x
    sta ,x
    puls d,x,y,u,pc

; Graphics demo:- draw some lines

const graphicsBase=$600, gLineBytes=$20

start:
    ldd #$0202       ; select 2 colour graphics mode
    swi3
    bsr testQLine
    rts

testQLine:
    ldd #$00f3
tql1:
    lbsr quickLine
    decb
    adda #3
    cmpa #183
    blo tql1
    rts

; quickLine A=height, B=width
;
; Simplified line draw illustrating Bresenham algorithm
; Starting point is a fixed byte
; Displacements to the right and down (width, height)
; are passed in B & A respectively (width >= height)
; The algorithm works simply by subtracting the fractional
; gradient (height/width) on every pixel step to the right
; until the running total is <=0 . Then the line moves down
; and 1 is added to the running total
; The initial fraction is width/2 to even out the steps
; Pixels are drawn by ORing an onscreen byte with a
; bit mask that is rotated with every pixel

quickLine:
   pshs d,x          ; save registers used
   lda #$80          ; initial mask is leftmost pixel
   pshs d            ; save mask @ < ,s >, width @ < 1,s >
   ldx #graphicsBase+gLineBytes+1
   lsrb              ; fraction initial value=width/2
   lda ,x            ; grab first byte from the screen
qline3:
   ora ,s            ; combine 1 pixel to the fragment of
   lsr ,s            ; screen cached in A
   bcc qline1        ; rotate mask one pixel to the right
   ror ,s            ; wrap around if necessary
   sta ,x+           ; restoring cached byte, incrementing
   lda ,x            ; and caching the next byte
qline1:
   subb 2,s          ; sub (rolling fraction, height)
   bhi qline2        ; if fraction <=0,
   addb 3,s          ; add width to fraction,
   sta ,x            ; restore cached byte and
   leax gLineBytes,x ; move down 1 line
   lda ,x            ; fetch another cached byte
qline2:
   dec 1,s           ; dec loop count (initially=width)
   bne qline3
   sta ,x            ; restore final cached byte
   leas 2,s          ; clean up stack
   puls d,x,pc       ; restore registers and return

; Game of Life demo on 256 x 192 grid
; 6809 assembly language
; for Dragon 32 & compatibles

const pixWide=256, pixHigh=192
const baseGraphicScreen=$0600, bytesWide=32
const liveCellBase=7
const generations=50000

start:
;  ldd #$0202       ; select 2 colour graphics mode
;  swi3             ; (optional depending on hardware)
  ldd #0
lifeLoop:
  lbsr initVars
  lbsr lifeCycle
  addd #1
  cmpd #generations
  blo lifeLoop
  rts

lifeCycle:
  pshs d
  ldd #-1
  pshs d
lCycleLp:
; Loop from lines -1 to <pixHigh-2>
; followed by the final line
; X, Y, U point to three line buffers
; of unpacked screen pixels which
; are cycled in turn
  pshs y,u
  lbsr countPixRow
; Count a line of screen pixels
; into three line buffers
  ldd 4,s
  cmpd #0
  blt onFirstRun
; Don't write pixels for first runthrough
  ldu >screenPtr
; X=oldest buffer + pixWide
  lbsr writePixRow
; Display a completed line of cells
  bra lCycleNoSkip
onFirstRun:
  leau -pixWide,x
lCycleNoSkip:
  ldx >screenPtr
  leax bytesWide,x
; U=written buffer start
  lbsr initBuffer
  puls x, y
; X=middle buffer
; Y=last buffer
  ldd ,s
  addd #1
  std ,s
  cmpd #pixHigh-1
  blt lCycleLp
; Write out final contents of buffer
  leax pixWide,x
  ldu >screenPtr
  leau bytesWide,u
  lbsr writePixRow
  leas 2,s
  puls d,pc

countPixRow:
; Read row of pixels and count into buffers
; X points to line-1 buffer start
; Y points to line buffer start
; U points to line+1 buffer start
; X, Y, U incremented by pixWide
; <screenPtr> incremented by bytesWide
  lda #bytesWide
  pshs a
next8Pix:
; Read A from screen at screenPtr
; Self-modifying code
; Quick and saves a register
  lda >0
next8Ptr:
const screenPtr=next8Ptr-2
; Move to next screen byte
  inc screenPtr+1
  bne not256
  inc screenPtr
not256:
  ldb #8
nextPix
  tsta
  beq noMoreCells
  lsla
  bcc noCell
; If cell present, increment 8 neighbours
  inc ,x+
  inc ,x
  inc 1,x
  inc ,y+
  inc 1,y
  inc ,u+
  inc ,u
  inc 1,u
  bra nextCell
noCell:
  leax 1,x
  leay 1,y
  leau 1,u
nextCell:
  decb
  bne nextPix
  bra skipPix
nomoreCells:
  leax b,x
  leay b,y
  leau b,u
skipPix:
  dec ,s
  bne next8Pix
  puls a,pc

writePixRow:
; Display row of cells on screen, right to left
; U=(row+1)+bytesWide
; X=buffer+pixWide
; Return freed buffer start in U
  leau -bytesWide,u
  leax 1,x
  ldy #cellNextGenList
  lda #bytesWide
  pshs a
wPixRowLp:
  clra
  ldb ,-x
  adda b,y
  lsra
  ldb ,-x
  adda b,y
  lsra
  ldb ,-x
  adda b,y
  lsra
  ldb ,-x
  adda b,y
  lsra
  ldb ,-x
  adda b,y
  lsra
  ldb ,-x
  adda b,y
  lsra
  ldb ,-x
  adda b,y
  lsra
  ldb ,-x
  adda b,y
  sta ,-u
  dec ,s
  bne wPixRowLp
  leau -1,x
  puls a,pc

initBuffer:
; Unpack screen pixels into byte buffer, right to left
; X points to screen line start - unchanged
; U points to buffer start - unchanged
  cmpx #$0700
  blo ok1
  nop
ok1:
  pshs dp, u
; init 4 zero bytes
  clrb
  tfr b,dp
  ldy #0
; point to end of line for predecrement
  leax bytesWide,x
; point to end of buffer, allowing for border bytes
  leau pixWide+1,u
  lda #bytesWide
  pshs a
iBufLp:
  lda ,-x
  bne iBufCells
; quick write for empty pixels
  pshu b, dp, y
  pshu b, dp, y
  dec ,s
  bne iBufLp
  bra iBufOut
iBufCells:
  ldb #liveCellBase
iBufCell0:
  lsra
  bcs iBufCellLive1
  clr ,-u
  bra iBufCell1
iBufCellLive1:
  pshu b
iBufCell1:
  lsra
  bcs iBufCellLive2
  clr ,-u
  bra iBufCell2
iBufCellLive2:
  pshu b
iBufCell2:
  lsra
  bcs iBufCellLive3
  clr ,-u
  bra iBufCell3
iBufCellLive3:
  pshu b
iBufCell3:
  lsra
  bcs iBufCellLive4
  clr ,-u
  bra iBufCell4
iBufCellLive4:
  pshu b
iBufCell4:
  lsra
  bcs iBufCellLive5
  clr ,-u
  bra iBufCell5
iBufCellLive5:
  pshu b
iBufCell5:
  lsra
  bcs iBufCellLive6
  clr ,-u
  bra iBufCell6
iBufCellLive6:
  pshu b
iBufCell6:
  lsra
  bcs iBufCellLive7
  clr ,-u
  bra iBufCell7
iBufCellLive7:
  pshu b
iBufCell7:
  lsra
  bcs iBufCellLive8
  clr ,-u
  bra iBufCellDone
iBufCellLive8:
  pshu b
iBufCellDone:
  clrb
  dec ,s
  bne iBufLp
iBufOut:
  leas 1,s
  puls dp, u, pc

initVars:
  pshs d
  ldx #baseGraphicScreen
  stx >screenPtr
  ldu #buf2
  lbsr initBuffer
  leax bytesWide,x
  ldu #buf3
  lbsr initBuffer
  ldx #buf1
  ldy #buf2
  puls d,pc

cellNextGenList:
  fcb 0,0,0,$80,0,0,0
  fcb 0,0,$80,$80,0,0,0,0,0

buf1 rmb pixWide+2
buf2 rmb pixWide+2
buf3 rmb pixWide+2

org baseGraphicScreen
  fill 0,$1800

org baseGraphicScreen
glider:
  fcb %00000000
  rmb bytesWide-1
  fcb %01000000
  rmb bytesWide-1
  fcb %00100000
  rmb bytesWide-1
  fcb %11100000

org baseGraphicScreen+$000d
glidergun:
  fcb %00000000, %00000000, %00000000, %01000000
  rmb bytesWide-4
  fcb %00000000, %00000000, %00000001, %01000000
  rmb bytesWide-4
  fcb %00000000, %00000110, %00000110, %00000000, %00011000
  rmb bytesWide-5
  fcb %00000000, %00001000, %10000110, %00000000, %00011000
  rmb bytesWide-5
  fcb %01100000, %00010000, %01000110
  rmb bytesWide-3
  fcb %01100000, %00010001, %01100001, %01000000
  rmb bytesWide-4
  fcb %00000000, %00010000, %01000000, %01000000
  rmb bytesWide-4
  fcb %00000000, %00001000, %10000000
  rmb bytesWide-3
  fcb %00000000, %00000110,
  rmb bytesWide-2

org baseGraphicScreen+$0b90
rPentomino:
  fcb %01100000
  rmb bytesWide-1
  fcb %11000000
  rmb bytesWide-1
  fcb %01000000
  rmb bytesWide-1

org baseGraphicScreen+$17a0
  fcb %01000000
  rmb bytesWide-1
  fcb %01000110
  rmb bytesWide-1
  fcb %01000110

; Graphics demo:- animate and move a sprite

const graphicsBase=$600, gLineBytes=$20, vectorFIRQ=$fff6, vectorIRQ=$fff8

start:
    ldd #$0204       ; select 4 colour graphics mode
    swi3
    bsr testSprites
    rts

testSprites:
    leax serviceIRQ,pcr         ; point interrupt vector
    stx vectorIRQ               ; at flag-clearing sub
    andcc #$EF                  ; clear IRQ mask flag
    ldd #$0808                  ; starting coordinates
testSpr1:
    leay invadera00,pcr         ; sprite of 16-bit lines
    bsr drawSprite88c           ; draw animation frame 1
    lbsr syncIRQ                ; wait
    bsr drawSprite88c           ; erase (repeat EOR)
    leay invadera01,pcr
    bsr drawSprite88c           ; draw animation frame 2
    lbsr syncIRQ                ; wait
    bsr drawSprite88c           ; erase
    adda #2                     ; move sprite
    addb #1
    cmpa #224
    blo testSpr1
    rts

drawSprite88c:
    pshs d,x,y
    ldx #graphicsBase
    lda #gLineBytes
    mul                     ; calculate starting
    leax d,x                ; line on graphics screen
    ldb ,s                  ; as (32*Y)
    lsrb                    ; plus TRUNC (X/8)
    lsrb
    lsrb
    abx
    ldb ,s
    andb #$07               ; calculate loopback offset
    lslb                    ; -4 bytes per rotation
    lslb                    ; minus a constant
    negb
    subb #d88cloopcalc-d88cloopmin
    stb d88cloopback+1
    ldb #8+1
    pshs d                  ; counter & overflow byte
    bra d88cloopin          ; join WHILE loop
d88cloopfull:
    lsra                    ; rotate right 1 bit
    rorb
    ror ,s
    lsra                    ; repeat up to 7 times
    rorb
    ror ,s
    lsra
    rorb
    ror ,s
    lsra
    rorb
    ror ,s
    lsra
    rorb
    ror ,s
    lsra
    rorb
    ror ,s
    lsra
    rorb
    ror ,s
d88cloopmin:
    eora ,x                 ; once each sprite line
    eorb 1,x                ; is rotated, draw it
    std ,x                  ; to screen using
    lda ,s                  ; exclusive-or operation
    eora 2,x
    sta 2,x
    leax GLineBytes,x       ; move 1 line down
d88cloopin:
    ldd ,y++                ; fetch next line of sprite
    clr ,s                  ; clear overflow byte
    dec 1,s                 ; loop count
d88cloopback:
    bne d88cloopfull        ; loopback is self-modified
d88cloopcalc:
    leas 2,s
    puls d,x,y,pc

invadera00:
    fdb %0000100000100000
    fdb %1000101010100010
    fdb %1010011010011010
    fdb %0010101010101000
    fdb %0000101111100000
    fdb %0000111010110000
    fdb %0011110000111100
    fdb %0011000000001100

invadera01:
    fdb %0010000000001000
    fdb %0000101010100000
    fdb %0010011010011000
    fdb %1010100101101010
    fdb %1000101111100010
    fdb %0011111010111100
    fdb %1111000000001111
    fdb %0000000000000000

org $4400

var 1,flagIRQ

syncIRQ:
    clr flagIRQ       ; set a flag
    com flagIRQ
syncWait;
    sync              ; wait for interrupt
    tst flagIRQ       ; if interrupts are enabled
    bne syncWait      ; the flag will be cleared
    rts

serviceIRQ:
    clr flagIRQ       ; clear a flag on interrupt
    rti

const SIbaseaddress=$ff80, SIrefreshOff=0, SIrefreshOn=1, SIgraphicsMode=2
const textScrBase=$0400, textScrEnd=$0600, graphicsBase=$0600, gLineBytes=$20

start:
  rts

org $f000

hookrestart:
  lbra servicerestart

hooknmi:
  lbra servicenop

hookswi:
  lbra servicenop

hookirq:
  lbra servicenop

hookfirq:
  lbra servicenop

hookswi2:
  lbra servicenop

hookswi3:
  lbra serviceswi3

osloop:
  jsr start
  bra osloop

servicenop:
  rti

; service in A, parameter in B

serviceswi3:
  pshs b
  tfr a,b
  clra
  lslb
  rola
  leay switableend,pcr
  pshs y
  leay switable,pcr
  leay d,y
  cmpy ,s++
  puls b
  bhs servsw0
  jsr (,y)
servsw0:
  rti

servicezero:
  rts

servicerefresh:
  tstb
  bne refreshon
refreshoff:
  clr SIbaseAddress+SIrefreshOff
  rts
refreshon:
  clr SIbaseAddress+SIrefreshOn
  rts

servicegmode:
  stb SIbaseAddress+SIgraphicsMode
  rts

switable:
  fdb servicezero
  fdb servicerefresh
  fdb servicegmode
switableend:

servicerestart:
  orcc #$50
  andcc #$50
  lds #$8000
  bsr osregclear
  lbra osloop

osregclear:
  ldd #$0000
  tfr a,dp
  tfr d,x
  tfr d,y
  tfr d,u
  rts

org $fff0

vreserve: rmb 2
vswi3: fdb hookswi3
vswi2: fdb hookswi2
vfirq: fdb hookfirq
virq: fdb hookirq
vswi: fdb hookswi
vnmi: fdb hooknmi
vrestart: fdb hookrestart

Status

See the assembler syntax reference for full details.

COSC204: 6809 Emulator

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